As various paths are being explored to achieve Carbon Neutrality by 2050, internal combustion engines must continue to evolve to further improve thermal efficiency and comply with emission regulations. The creation of technologies to maximize the potential of internal combustion engines will continue to be essential, and the advancement of measurement and control technologies to support this evolution will be indispensable. Against this background, we would like to provide an opportunity to obtain hints for technological development on measurement technologies common to both gasoline and diesel engines and control technologies from combustion to emissions under the theme of “Measurement and Control Technologies Supporting the Evolution of Internal Combustion Engines.

In the calculation of the spray bending angle of in-cylinder direct-injection diesel based on the spray momentum theory, we have developed a theoretical method to calculate the angle at which the fuel spray injected from a multi-hole nozzle is bent by the disproportionate momentum of the entrained ambient gas.
The extended spray momentum theory, which calculates the backflow velocity of the atomized ambient gas, is further extended to calculate the spray bending angle by calculating the disproportion of the perpendicular component of the backflow gas momentum to the injection direction. With this calculation method, we have elucidated the reason why slight differences in nozzle tip protrusion in diesel engines have a significant effect on fuel consumption and smoke. This method can also be applied to the theoretical calculation of the spray bend angle of direct-injection gasoline spray.

In the calculation of spray curvature for direct injection gasoline injectors based on the spray momentum theory, spray curvature due to mutual interference between sprays is an important phenomenon affecting exhaust performance in direct injection gasoline engines, and prediction techniques are required at the design stage. While CFD is being investigated as a method to accurately predict spray curvature, there is also a need for a simple method to estimate spray curvature. A method to calculate spray curvature based on spray momentum theory is discussed, and the results are compared and discussed with actual spraying.

In the analysis of ammonia emission behavior and real-world emissions using a compact PEMS, ammonia formation is a problem in three-way catalysts used in gasoline vehicles. Driving tests were conducted using PEMS and SEMS on direct-injection gasoline vehicles equipped with ternary catalysts to investigate the actual ammonia emissions on actual roads and the effects of differences in driver behavior on ammonia emissions. Also, methods and examples of analysis of real-world emissions using compact PEMS, which are expected to become widely used in the future. In response to future emission regulations (e.g., EU7), AVL will introduce a modular approach to diesel engine control functions, aftertreatment system architecture, and their combination.